Rice Ear Bug | Photography | Macro

in writing •  last year 

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The broad-headed insect belongs to the family Alydidae, a well-known but relatively small family of true plant-eating insects. These insects are commonly seen feeding on the leaves and flowers of leguminous and graminaceous plants. Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) can be found on many food crops in the Poaceae (grass) family, especially rice, and has been reported as an important economic pest in rice-producing countries such as India, Australia and China (Schaefer and Panizzi 2000). Leptocorisa acuta is usually found in the flowering phase of rice plants, which coincides with high rainfall and humidity at the start of the rainy season (Reji and Chander 2007). Nymphs and adults use their piercing-sucking mouthparts to feed on the developing grains of rice. These insects prefer to feed when the host plants are young, when the starch in the seeds is not yet fully formed. Leptocorisa acuta is crepuscular, active in the morning and evening. During the heat of the day, they leave the paddy fields to seek grassy areas (Pathack and Khan 1994). These insects also seek shelter during dry months (Corbett 1930). Leptocorisa acuta is known to transmit Sarocladium oryzae and Sarocladium attenuatum (fungi), the cause of sheath rot disease. Sheath rot disease damages the panicles (branching flower arrangements) of the rice plant, causing the plant to produce underdeveloped or damaged rice grains. In severe cases, infected plants may not produce grain.
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Leptocorisa acuta has not been found in the US although large areas of rice are grown in California, Louisiana, and Arkansas. The rice louse has been found in Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Thailand and Samoa as well as in several Central American countries. Due to its wide distribution in other rice-producing countries, Leptocorisa acuta is a potential invasive pest for the US, but has not been reported. Adult: Adults of Leptocorisa acuta are long (14-17 mm) and slender (3-4 mm wide). They are light yellow-green to yellow-brown (Figure 1). The head is broad, often equal in length and width to the pronotum (upper surface of the first plate on the thorax) and scutellum (a triangular shaped plate on the thorax, behind the pronotum). These insects have round, protruding eyes in addition to small ocelli (simple eyes), which are difficult to see. The fourth antenna segment is curved and longer than the third (Corbett 1930). Adults are usually found in aggregations. Like all true insects, they have piercing sucking mouthparts that pierce the substrate they feed on, which can damage plant tissue and reduce grain yields. When disturbed, the adults emit an unpleasant odor which is considered to be stronger than that emitted by true stink bugs (Pentatomidae). Corbett (1930) noted that adults could spread by flying from plant to plant in fields, but did not appear to be capable of sustained flight.
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Eggs: Eggs are oval in shape with a slightly flattened top. Females lay eggs in groups of 10 to 20 rows on the upper surface of the leaf blade. When freshly deposited, the eggs are creamy yellow, turning reddish brown after about one week. Nymphs: A week after oviposition, the eggs hatch, and within 3-4 hours the nymphs begin to feed (Corbett 1930). There are five wingless nymphal instars with a total nymphal period of 25-30 days. Nymphs are mostly pale yellow-green in color and have long antennae. Each nymphal instar looks very similar to the previous one, except that each subsequent nymph is larger than the last and there is enlargement of the wing pads. Unlike other species in the subfamily Alydinae, the nymphs of Leptocorisa acuta do not imitate ants. Adults are crepuscular (active in the morning and evening). After 8-29 days, adults of both sexes become fully mature. Adults can live up to 69 days. Females lived longer than males on average: 60 and 48 days, respectively. Rice bugs are most abundant at 80-82°F and about 80% relative humidity (Pathack and Khanv 1994). Populations tend to increase during the flowering stage of the rice plant, which coincides with warmer weather.
When adults emerge in spring, the rice flea feeds on wild host plants for one or two generations before migrating to paddy fields. It is believed that after the rice is harvested, the insects overwinter in wild grass or other grassy plants. According to Schaefer and Panizzi (2001), the female lays up to 25-87 eggs during her lifetime. Eggs are deposited in single or multiple rows of 10 to 20 on the upper surface of host plant leaves. The eggs are attached to the leaves by the adhesive released.
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In the past, walang sangit has been considered a minor pest compared to plant hoppers and stem borers in the Muda irrigation area, which is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. However, outbreaks of warang sangit occurred frequently after the early 1980s, when farmers introduced rice cultivation by direct seeding. Nik Mohd.Noor and Hirao2> speculated on the cause of the outbreak, suggesting a possible link with an increase in weeds in paddy fields, which was attributed to the widespread use of this type of cultivation practice. However, so far no investigation has been conducted to verify the connection. Hirao and Ho11 reported that the rice bug (Leptocorisa oratorius) and the southern green rot (Nezaraviridula) are important species among the ear suckers, and the Malay black rice bug (Scotinopharacoarctata) is also important among the stem suckers. As far as the ecology of these insects in the Muda area is concerned, the available information is very limited. This paper describes some survey results of the fauna of the rice flea in paddy fields in the Muda area, and the damage to grain caused by the rice flea, especially L. oratorius. The ability to attack L. oratorius on rice grains was also studied under experimental conditions. Materials and methods) Aphid fauna in rice fields.
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Collection by sweeping nets and direct investment of rice insects is carried out in paddy fields in and around the Muda area. The main part of this study was conducted in 1986 and 1987. Population density of ear-sucking insects and crop conditions 3) Postharvest evaluation of damage by ear-sucking insects Rice samples harvested in the first season of 1988 were collected from 8 rice mills, as shown in Fig. . I . Approximately 30 ml of grain per sack was sampled from three randomly selected sacks at each rice mill. Samples were dried in an incubator at 50°C for one clay and then 500 grains were randomly selected from each sample and weighed. These grains are hand hulled and classified into five groups: empty grain, immature, pecky, colored and perfect. 4) A/lack of ability of adult L. orator/us to produce rice.6 cm in diameter and 30 cm long, 011 7 and 8 December 1987. One, two or four adult L. orarorius collected in the field were released in each cage for 5 days in O clay (according to flowering stage), 10 loam (milk cooked stage) and 15 clay (dough cooked srage) after wrapping. After a certain feeding period, adults and eggs are removed, but the cage is left 1111111 harvest. The ears were harvested on January 9, 1988 and dried. All grain is hulled by hand and the number of damaged grains is counted. The experiment was replicated 3 times. 5) Relationship between L. oratorius density and damage to rice gmin in paddy fields Insects were collected for counting by 20-step net sweeps at 11 different sites in the Mucla area, where rice plants from flowering to milk-ripe stages, in the first season of 1989. During yellow stage stage, 30 ears randomly collected in each location. They were dried in an incubator at 50°C for 1 day and pulverized, then 500 items were randomly sampled for each location. The grains are hulled by hand and the empty, pecky and perfect grain counts are counted.
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The relationship between L. oratorius density and rice grain damage in paddy fields The results of a sweeping survey at the J location are summarized in Table 7. Most of the collected bugs were L. oratorius at all sites studied. The minimum and maximum amount l. the oratorius of adults was 6 in field C and 105 in field I. The number of large nymphs, ie instars 4-5, was generally small. First instar nymphs are very tall, predominant among small nymphs, or 1-3 instars. Besides L. oratorius, E. ventrafis, C. bug punctiger and Lygaeidae were collected, but their population densities were much lower than that of L. oratorius. The relationship between bug density and graius damage expressed by the total number of empty and pecky grains in a sample of 500 grains, is presented in Fig. Picture. 3, based on the following assumptions; (1) rice infestation caused all grain blanks, and (2.) the number of adults of L. oratorius was considered as an index of the density of bugs in that area. The second assumption of mny can be justified by the fact that L. oratorius predominates over other bugs (Table 7) and most of L. nymphs oratorius are in the first instar (Table 7) which may have a very low ability to spoil grains. From this figure, it is estimated that when the insect density is 0, the number of damaged grains is about 110 out of 500 grains, or 22%, with a ratio of io in accordance with the results obtained in the control plot of the coop experiment, namely 22.7% whose value was presented in the previous section of this paper.
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But the relationship between bug density and number of damaged grains is not clear as shown by low regression from the last to the first (r = 0.405). Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the reliable control threshold of the rice weevil from these figures. Sugimoto and Nugaliyadda4> reported similar results obtained from the same type of study that was previously conducted in Sri Lanka. I-I think so the causes of empty grain are very complicated. Discussion This study confirmed that L. oratorius is the most important ear-sucking rice louse in the Mu:da73 area. This study also shows the population density of L. oratorius is high in weedy fields, in particular where £. the crus-galli complex predominates. Since the 1980s, rice cultivation by direct nurseries has been practiced spread in the Muda area, where more than 800 Joor paddy fields were under this type of practice in recent years. Direct seeding in the Muda area was introduced and expanded not through government recommendations in the form of a complete technical package, but through the farmers' own initiatives3>. It is known that the direct seeded field is much more susceptible to 10 growth rates weed than transplanted. Cultivation techniques used by farmers are still not well established; especially their weed control is inadequate. This can lead to 10 scenarios: expansion of the immediate seeded area _, increase in weeds (mainly £. crus-gt1/li complex) - field, plague of rice-sucking ear bugs (especially L. oratorius). In the case of Japan, damage to rice caused by ear-sucking bugs generally occurs not in flat areas but in mountainous plains. In Sri Lanka, fields severely acclaimed by L. oratorius are also located on mountains or hillsides (Sugimoto, personal communication). Outbreaks or increased damage by ear-sucking insects in the Muda area, which is a flat plain covering about 96,000 ha, are most likely the result of direct expansion of weedy seeds field. Alternative hosts, consisting mainly of the E.crns-galli complex, can provide continuously available food for the ear-sucking bug. Weed management is perhaps the most common and practical measure to reduce rice damage caused by the ear-sucking bug. If farmers control E. crus-galli complex effectively, the population density or L. ororius can be greatly reduced in young flat areas.
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This pest feeds on a variety of graminaceous plants, e.g. rice, wheat, sugar cane, corn, millet, bajra etc. Flowering rice is the preferred host. The pests immigrate to the plant in the flowering stage and feed on the milky grains and sap of stalks and leaves. Yellow spots appear on the leaves due to excessive suction. The empty grain becomes whitish and shows puncture marks. The characteristic damage is called chaff grain. Severe infestation in irrigated areas and high rainfall. Adults are very active insects, about 15 mm long, narrow-bodied and long, greenish-brown to yellowish-brown in color. The antennae and legs are also narrow and long. They are diurnal but are most active in the morning and evening when they are looking for flowering plants. Their presence can be easily detected by the characteristic foul odor they emit. Females can lay 200-300 eggs in their lifetime. Eggs are laid in groups of 20-30 in 2-3 rows along the midrib on the upper surface of the leaf blade. Nymphs are greenish, slender and similar to adults in appearance and sucking habits. There are 5 nymphal instars and a total nymphal period of 25-30 days. Nymphs that are wingless must keep farming until they become adults and grow wings. The bug can complete 4-5 generations in one season. Distribution: This species occurs throughout Asia to New Guinea and northern Australia. Collection and extermination of insects with nets or light traps can be carried out in a smaller area. The removal of grass and other weeds from the bund and its surroundings reduces the population. Cleaning plants with 5% BHC, Malathion or aldrin @ 15 kg per hectare is effective in controlling pests. The application of carbofuran or diazinon granules has also proven effective.
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Leptocorisa acuta is typically found during the flowering stage of the rice crop, which coincides with rainfall and high humidity at the beginning of the wet season (Reji and Chander 2007). Nymphs and adults use their piercing-sucking mouth parts to feed on developing rice grains. These bugs prefer to feed when the host plants are young, at a time when the starches within the grains are not yet fully formed. Leptocorisa acuta are crepuscular, active during the early morning and late afternoon. During the heat of midday, they leave the rice crop in search of wild grassy areas (Pathack and Khan 1994). These bugs also seek shelter during dry months (Corbett 1930). Leptocorisa acuta is known to transmit Sarocladium oryzae and Sarocladium attenuatum (fungi), the cause of sheath rot disease. Sheath rot disease damages the panicle (branched arrangement of flowers) of the rice plant, which causes the plant to produce under-developed or damaged rice grains. In severe cases, the infected plant may not produce rice grains. Leptocorisa acuta has not been found in the U.S. despite the large acreage of rice grown in California, Louisiana and Arkansas. Rice bugs have been found in Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Thailand and Samoa as well as in several Central American countries. Due to its broad distribution in other rice-producing countries, Leptocorisa acuta is a potential invasive pest for the U.S., but has not yet been reported.
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Leptocorisa acuta adults are long (14-17 mm) and slender (3-4 mm wide). They are a light yellow-green to yellow-brown color (Figure 1). The head is broad, often similar in length and width to the pronotum (upper surface of the first plate on the thorax) and the scutellum (triangular shaped plate on the thorax, posterior to the pronotum). These bugs have globular, protruding eyes in addition to small ocelli (simple eyes), which are difficult to see. The fourth antennal segment is curved and longer than the third segment (Corbett 1930). Adults are usually found in aggregations. Like all true bugs, they have piercing-sucking mouth parts that puncture the substrate they are feeding on, which can damage plant tissue and reduce grain yields. When disturbed, adults emit an unpleasant odor considered to be stronger than the odor emitted by true stink bugs (Pentatomidae). Corbett (1930) noted that adults could disperse by flying from plant to plant in a field, but did not appear capable of sustained flight.

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